Essential for understanding and interacting with networks.
• Purpose: Displays or configures network interfaces (older, still common in Kali).
• Example: ifconfig → Shows IP address (e.g., eth0: 192.168.1.10).
• Purpose: Modern replacement for ifconfig to manage network settings.
• Example: ip addr → Lists network interfaces and IPs.
• Purpose: Tests connectivity to a host.
• Example: ping 8.8.8.8 → Checks if Google DNS responds (Ctrl+C to stop).
• Purpose: Shows network connections, ports, and routing tables.
• Example: netstat -tuln → Lists listening TCP/UDP ports.
• Purpose: Displays or modifies the ARP cache (MAC-to-IP mappings).
• Example: arp -n → Shows ARP table without name resolution.
• Purpose: Displays or manages the routing table.
• Example: route -n → Shows routing table numerically.